Cover
Volume I
1. Title Page
2. Copyright
3. Preface
4. About the Editors
5. 1 Chitosan‐Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Chemical and Biological Properties of Chitosan
  3. 1.3 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives
  4. 1.4 Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in Drug Delivery Systems
  5. 1.5 Wound Healing
  6. 1.6 Conclusion
  7. References
6. 2 Gellan Gum and Its Composites: Suitable Candidate for Efficient Nanodrug Delivery
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Source, Chemistry, and Types of Gellan Gum
  3. 2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Gellan Gum Favoring Nanodrug Delivery Applications
  4. 2.4 Gellan Gum‐Based Nanodrug Delivery Systems
  5. 2.5 Gellan Gum Composites with Natural and Synthetic Polymers
  6. 2.6 Nanodrug Delivery Potential of Gellan Gum and Its Composites at Different Administration Routes
  7. 2.7 Potential Ability of Gellan Gum and Its Composite‐Based Nanodrug Delivery in Various Diseases
  8. 2.8 Application of Gellan Gum as Nanodrug Delivery Carrier in Various Fields
  9. 2.9 Environmental Impacts, Commercialization Aspects, and Challenges of Gellan Gum‐Based Nanodrug Delivery Systems in the Pharmaceutical Industry
  10. 2.10 Conclusions
  11. References
7. 3 Guar Gum‐Based Novel Nanodrug Delivery Systems
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Guar Gum
  3. 3.3 Extraction of Guar Gum
  4. 3.4 Modifications of Guar Gum
  5. 3.5 Guar Gum in Drug Formulation
  6. 3.6 Guar Gum Nanoformulations
  7. 3.7 Conclusions
  8. Acknowledgment
  9. References
  10. Note
8. 4 Chitosan‐Based Nanocarriers for Gene Delivery
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Isolation of Chitosan and Their Chemistry
  3. 4.3 Synthesis of Chitosan–Gene Therapeutic Agent's Polyplexes
  4. 4.4 Advantages of Chitosan as a Carrier for Gene Therapeutic Agent
  5. 4.5 Factors Affecting the Performance of Chitosan
  6. 4.6 Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References
9. 5 Novel Approaches of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Drug Carrier
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Formulation Components of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
  3. 5.3 Methods of Preparation of the Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
  4. 5.4 Characterization Techniques of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
  5. 5.5 Surface-Modified Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
  6. 5.6 Stimuli-Responsive SLNs
  7. 5.7 Utilizing Chemoinformatics Tools in Modeling Drugs–Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Interactions
  8. References
10. 6 Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoparticles in Targeted and Controlled Delivery for Cancer Therapy
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoparticles
  3. 6.3 Environmental Responsiveness of Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoparticles
  4. 6.4 Active Targeting of Polymeric Nanoparticles
  5. 6.5 Therapeutic Applications of Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoparticles
  6. 6.6 Cancer Theranostics Using Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoparticles
  7. 6.7 Summary
  8. List of Abbreviations
  9. Acknowledgment
  10. References
11. 7 Stimulus-Responsive Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Stabilization of Atherosclerosis
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Pathophysiological Characteristics of Atherosclerosis
  3. 7.3 Why Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles?
  4. 7.4 Endogenous Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles (Endo-SRNs)
  5. 7.5 Exogenous Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles (Exo-SRNs)
  6. 7.6 Animal Models for Atherosclerosis
  7. 7.7 Challenges, Clinical Progress, and Future Direction
  8. 7.8 Conclusions
  9. Acknowledgment
  10. Conflict of Interest
  11. List of Abbreviations
  12. References
  13. Notes
12. 8 PLGA Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Structure and Chemistry of PLGA
  3. 8.3 Synthesis of PLGA
  4. 8.4 Physicochemical Properties of PLGA
  5. 8.5 Synthesis of PLGA Nanoparticles
  6. 8.6 Drug Release Mechanism from PLGA Nanoparticles
  7. 8.7 Surface Modification of PLGA Nanoparticles
  8. 8.8 Applications of PLGA Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
  9. 8.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. References
13. 9 New Insights into Nanoparticulate Carriers for Direct Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Direct Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
  3. 9.3 Nanoparticulate Carriers for Direct Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
  4. 9.4 Approaches for Nanoparticle-Mediated Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
  5. 9.5 Nanotechnology for Neuroprotection and Neuronal Tissue Regeneration
  6. 9.6 Strategies for Enhanced Direct Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
  7. 9.7 Toxicity Aspects
  8. 9.8 Clinical Aspects
  9. 9.9 Regulatory Aspects
  10. 9.10 Concluding Remarks
  11. Conflict of Interest
  12. List of Abbreviations
  13. References
  14. Note
14. 10 PEGylated Nanoparticles as a Versatile Drug Delivery System
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicles
  3. 10.3 Importance of PEGylation
  4. 10.4 PEGylated NPs in Drug Delivery
  5. 10.5 Impacts of PEGylation in Disease Diagnosis
  6. 10.6 PEGylation for Vaccine Nanodelivery
  7. 10.7 Clinical Applications of PEGylated NPs
  8. 10.8 PEG Immunogenicity in In Vivo Systems
  9. 10.9 PEG Alternatives
  10. 10.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
  11. References
15. 11 Mesoporous Bioactive Glass for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 Generations of Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering
  3. 11.3 Different Synthesis Techniques for Preparation of MBG
  4. 11.4 Mechanism Behind the Bioactivity
  5. 11.5 Roles of Therapeutic Ions
  6. 11.6 Drug Delivery and Surface Functionalization
  7. 11.7 In Vivo Studies for Bone Regeneration and Drug Delivery
  8. 11.8 Conclusions and Outlook
  9. References
16. 12 Pharmacoengineering of Lipid Nanoarchitectonics in Modulating Particle Uptake by Lung Macrophages
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Lung Macrophages
  3. 12.3 Macrophages Particle Uptake Mechanism
  4. 12.4 Lipid Nanoarchitectonics for Lung Macrophages Targeting
  5. 12.5 Pharmacoengineering of Lipid Nanoarchitectonics to Modulate Macrophages Uptake or Avoidance
  6. 12.6 Conclusion and Prospects
  7. Conflicts of Interest
  8. Acknowledgments
  9. List of Abbreviations
  10. References
17. 13 Zein Nanoparticles: Bioactive Compounds and Controlled Delivery
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Bioactive Compounds
  3. 13.3 Nanocarrier
  4. 13.4 Nanoencapsulation Technique
  5. 13.5 Nanoparticle Stabilization
  6. 13.6 Physicochemical Characterization of Nanoparticles
  7. 13.7 Bioactive Compound Controlled Delivery
  8. 13.8 Conclusions
  9. References
18. 14 Nanoscale Vaccines: Design, Delivery, and Applications
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Key Aspects of the Induction of Immunity
  3. 14.3 A Glance at the Vaccinology
  4. 14.4 Vaccine Design Strategies
  5. 14.5 Nanoscale Systems in Vaccine Development
  6. 14.6 Other Nanoscale VDSs
  7. 14.7 Beneficial Characteristics of Nanovaccines
  8. 14.8 Nanovaccines Biosafety
  9. 14.9 Final Remarks and Conclusions
  10. References
19. 15 Lipid‐Based Drug Delivery Systems and Their Role in Infection and Inflammation Imaging
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Clinical Imaging of Infection and Inflammation
  3. 15.3 Lipid‐Based Drug Delivery Systems
  4. 15.4 Targeting Strategies for Infection and Inflammation
  5. 15.5 Infection or Inflammation Imaging by Lipid‐Based Drug Delivery Systems
  6. 15.6 Conclusions
  7. References
20. 16 Quadrupole Stimuli‐Responsive Targeted Polymeric Nanocontainers for Cancer Therapy: Artificial Intelligence in Drug Delivery Systems
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 Experimental
  3. 16.3 Dual Stimuli‐Responsive Intelligent Nanocontainers
  4. 16.4 Quadrupole Stimuli Intelligent Nanocontainers
  5. 16.5 Folic Acid Targeting Ability
  6. 16.6 Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References
21. 17 Nanostructured Carrageenan as Drug Carrier
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Composition and Structure of Carrageenan
  3. 17.3 Production of Carrageenan
  4. 17.4 Properties of Carrageenan
  5. 17.5 Methods of Production Techniques of Nanostructured Carrageenan
  6. 17.6 Different Types of Nanostructured Carrageenan
  7. 17.7 Characterization of Nanostructured Carrageenan
  8. 17.8 Physicochemical Stability
  9. 17.9 Carrageenan as Active Ingredients Carrier in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics
  10. 17.10 Application in Drug Delivery
  11. References
  12. Note
22. Index
Volume II
1. Title Page
2. Copyright
3. Preface
4. About the Editors
5. 1 Carbohydrate-Based Materials in Tissue Engineering Applications
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Scaffolds Preparation Methods
  3. 1.3 Photolithography
  4. 1.4 Carbohydrate-Based Scaffolds
  5. 1.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
6. 2 Biopolymer-Based Scaffolds for Bone and Tissue Engineering
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Use of Biopolymer Blends in Bone Tissue Engineering
  3. 2.3 3D Printing of Biopolymer Scaffolds for Bone Regenerative Therapies
  4. 2.4 Stem Cells and 3D-Printed Polymeric Scaffold Interactions
  5. 2.5 Final Considerations
  6. References
  7. Note
7. 3 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-Based Nanosystems in Biomedical Applications
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Its Properties
  3. 3.3 Preparation of PLA-Based Nanosystems
  4. 3.4 Preparation and Properties of PLA-Based Nanocomposites
  5. 3.5 Biomedical Applications of PLA-Based Nanosystems
  6. 3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
  7. References
8. 4 Electrospun Nanofibers for Biological Application
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Electrospun Nanofibers – Basic Concepts
  3. 4.3 Electrospinning Modes
  4. 4.4 Biological Applications
  5. 4.5 Future Prospective
  6. 4.6 Conclusion
  7. References
9. 5 Ceramic Nanomaterials in Dental Applications
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Nanoceramics and Restorative Dentistry
  3. 5.3 Nanoceramics and Prosthodontics
  4. 5.4 Nanoceramics and Tissue Engineering
  5. 5.5 Conclusion
  6. Acknowledgment
  7. References
10. 6 Biomimetic Catechol-Based Nanomaterials for Combined Anticancer Therapies
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Polydopamine
  3. 6.3 Analogues of Polydopamine
  4. 6.4 Conclusions
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
11. 7 Molecular Theranostics for Cancer Therapy
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Glutathione (GSH)-Triggered Small-Molecule Theranostics
  3. 7.3 H₂O₂-Triggered Small-Molecule Theranostics
  4. 7.4 Enzyme-Triggered Small-Molecule Theranostics
  5. 7.5 Light-Triggered Theranostics
  6. 7.6 Tumor Acidic pH-Triggered Theranostics
  7. 7.7 Hypoxia-Triggered Molecular Theranostics
  8. 7.8 Platinum-Based Molecular Theranostics
  9. 7.9 Conclusion
  10. Author Contributions
  11. Funding
  12. Acknowledgment
  13. List of Abbreviations and Symbols
  14. References
12. 8 Dendrimers: Properties and Applications in Biomedical Field
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Properties and Types of Dendrimers
  3. 8.3 Synthesis of Dendrimers
  4. 8.4 Applications of Dendrimers
  5. 8.5 Conclusion
  6. List of Abbreviations
  7. References
13. 9 Inorganic Material-Based Nanocarriers for Delivery of Biomolecules
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Zeolites in Drug Delivery
  3. 9.3 Silica and Organically Modified Silica Materials in Drug Delivery
  4. 9.4 MCM and SBA Derivatives in Drug Delivery
  5. 9.5 Clay Natural Minerals and Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) in Drug Delivery
  6. 9.6 Metals and Metallic Alloys in Drug Delivery
  7. 9.7 Metal Oxide/Sulfide/Selenide Ceramics in Drug Delivery
  8. 9.8 Carbon and Boron Materials in Drug Delivery
  9. 9.9 Conclusion
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. References
14. 10 Bio-Nanocomposite of Carrageenan Incorporating Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Scaffold and Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering Applications
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Research Background
  3. 10.3 Biopolymers
  4. 10.4 Carrageenan
  5. 10.5 Scaffold and Hydrogel
  6. 10.6 Significance of Research and Challenges
  7. 10.7 Biocompatibility Effect
  8. 10.8 Overview on Cell and Antibacterial Studies
  9. 10.9 Conclusion
  10. References
15. 11 Stimuli-Responsive Bio-Based Quantum Dots in Biomedical Applications
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 Quantum Dots
  3. 11.3 Bio-Based Quantum Dots
  4. 11.4 Synthesis Method and Modifications
  5. 11.5 Stimuli-Responsive BQDs
  6. 11.6 Clinical Status
  7. 11.7 Outlook and Future Perspectives
  8. Acknowledgments
  9. References
16. 12 Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanotubes: Recent Development and Future Challenges
  1. 12.1 Background
  2. 12.2 Carbon Nanotubes
  3. 12.3 Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes
  4. 12.4 Therapeutic Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
  5. 12.5 Diagnostic Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
  6. 12.6 Toxicological Investigations
  7. 12.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
  8. Acknowledgment
  9. List of Abbreviations
  10. References
  11. Notes
17. 13 Biomedical Applications of Nano-Engineered Enzymes: Current Status and Future Direction
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Nano-Engineered Enzymes
  3. 13.3 Biomedical Applications
  4. 13.4 Multifunctional Nanoenzymes as Theranostics
  5. 13.5 Clinical Translation of Nano-Engineered Enzymes
  6. 13.6 Final Remarks and Conclusion
  7. References
18. 14 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposite and Their Biomedical Applications
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 GO Composite Biosensors
  3. 14.3 Graphene Oxide for Drug/Gene Delivery
  4. 14.4 GO for Photothermal Therapy
  5. 14.5 Bioimaging Applications of GO-Based Nanocomposites
  6. 14.6 Antimicrobial Properties of GO-Based Composites
  7. 14.7 Tissue Engineering Applications of GO Composites
  8. 14.8 3D Bioprinting Applications of GO-Based Composites
  9. 14.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. References
19. Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1_V1
1. Table 1.1 A list of few chitosan and chitosan derivatives used in pharmaceut...
Chapter 2_V1
1. Table 2.1 Gellan gum composites: commonly used natural and synthetic polymer...
2. Table 2.2 Gellan gum composites in tissue engineering applications.
Chapter 3_V1
1. Table 3.1 Common derivatives of GG.
2. Table 3.2 Some grafted GG in drug delivery systems.
3. Table 3.3 Nanoformulations utilizing guar gum.
4. Table 3.4 Patented guar gum nano‐products.
Chapter 5_V1
1. Table 5.1 Different types of stimuli-responsive solid lipid nanoparticles.
Chapter 7_V1
1. Table 7.1 Popular animal models of atherosclerosis with their advantages and...
Chapter 8_V1
1. Table 8.1 Summary of PLGA-based nanoformulations in drug delivery.
Chapter 9_V1
1. Table 9.1 Intranasal drug delivery system for neurodegenerative disorders.
2. Table 9.2 Intranasal development of delivery systems for cancer management.
Chapter 10_V1
1. Table 10.1 PEGylated NPs and proteins (enzymes, cytokines, growth factors, a...
2. Table 10.2 PEGylated NPs are under clinical trial for treatment and diagnosi...
Chapter 11_V1
1. Table 11.1 Effects of different ion doping in base bioactive glass on bone m...
Chapter 12_V1
1. Table 12.1 Different kinds of lipid nanoarchitectonics for lung macrophage t...
Chapter 13_V1
1. Table 13.1 Curcumin encapsulation in zein matrices.
2. Table 13.2 Phenolic compounds encapsulation in zein matrices.
3. Table 13.3 Other bioactive compounds encapsulated in zein matrices.
Chapter 15_V1
1. Table 15.1 Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of infection and inflammation in...
2. Table 15.2 Active targeted lipid‐based drug delivery systems for infection o...
Chapter 16_V1
1. Table 16.1 Current nanomedicine platforms.
Chapter 2_V2
1. Table 2.1 The main advantages and disadvantages of scaffolds applied in BTE....
Chapter 3_V2
1. Table 3.1 List of chemical agents used in different synthesis routes.
2. Table 3.2 Mechanical properties of PLA.
Chapter 8_V2
1. Table 8.1 Types of dendrimers.
2. Table 8.2 Dendrimers used in cancer diagnosis.
3. Table 8.3 Dendrimer-based delivery systems for different types of anticancer...
Chapter 10_V2
1. Table 10.1 Lists of biopolymers derived from natural biomass.
2. Table 10.2 Lists of natural polymers and their applications.
3. Table 10.3 Lists of synthetic polymers and their applications.
4. Table 10.4 Characterization of carrageenan.
Chapter 11_V2
1. Table 11.1 Bio-based quantum dots (BQDs) prepared through different approach...
2. Table 11.2 Example of stimuli-responsive BQDs in biomedical applications.
Chapter 12_V2
1. Table 12.1 Various biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes.
Chapter 13_V2
1. Table 13.1 Different formulation of the most important nano-engineered enzym...
Chapter 14_V2
1. Table 14.1 GO-based nanocomposites preparation, mechanism of GO interaction ...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1_V1
1. Figure 1.1 Deacetylation process of chitin.
2. Figure 1.2 (a) Partially deacetylated chitosan polymer and (b) fully deacety...
3. Figure 1.3 Possibilities of chitosan processing.
4. Figure 1.4 Chemical modification and applications.
5. Figure 1.5 Preparation steps of O‐CM‐chitosan (O‐CMC).
6. Figure 1.6 Preparation steps of N‐CM‐chitosan (N‐CMC).
7. Figure 1.7 N,N‐CMC and N,O‐CMC.
8. Figure 1.8 Using CMC as drug carrier.
9. Figure 1.9 Synthesizing quaternized chitosan.
10. Figure 1.10 Halogenated alkane to prepare N‐alkylated chitosan.
11. Figure 1.11 Structure of β‐cyclodextrin.
12. Figure 1.12 Ionic gelation of forming chitosan‐graft‐β‐cyclodextrin.
13. Figure 1.13 Drug‐loaded chitosan in gastroretentive floating drug delivery....
Chapter 2_V1
1. Figure 2.1 Different forms of gellan gum composite formed with natural or sy...
2. Figure 2.2 Typical gellan gum composite in industrial application.
Chapter 3_V1
1. Figure 3.1 Flow representation of industrial processing of guar gum.
Chapter 4_V1
1. Figure 4.1 Chemical structure of chitin and chitosan and their deacetylation...
2. Figure 4.2 Modification of chitosan via physical and chemical methods.
3. Figure 4.3 Synthesis and transfection of chitosan/siRNA polyplex.
Chapter 5_V1
1. Figure 5.1 Schematic representation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs).
2. Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of the mechanism of polysorbate 80-coate...
3. Figure 5.3 Different chemical cross-linkers varied in their cross-linking me...
4. Figure 5.4 Hathout and Metwally (2015) study scheme.
Chapter 6_V1
1. Figure 6.1 Representative structure of a multifunctional polymeric nanoparti...
2. Figure 6.2 Chemical structures of frequently used synthetic and natural poly...
3. Figure 6.3 Illustration of some major nanostructures of polymers in aqueous ...
Chapter 7_V1
1. Figure 7.1 Flowchart showing the major events during the pathogenesis of an ...
2. Figure 7.2 Illustration showing the stimulus-responsive nanoparticles applie...
3. Figure 7.3 Example of endogenous stimulus-responsive nanoparticles developed...
4. Figure 7.4 Examples of exogenous trigger (photothermal)-responsive therapeut...
Chapter 8_V1
1. Figure 8.1 (a) Molecular structure of PLGA co-polymer, (b) a representative ...
2. Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of (a) emulsification–evaporation method...
3. Figure 8.3 Schematic representation of (a) phase separation method, (b) spra...
4. Figure 8.4 (a) Drug release mechanism and (b) drug release profile (open squ...
Chapter 9_V1
1. Figure 9.1 Diagrammatic representation of nanoparticles movement from nose-t...
Chapter 10_V1
1. Figure 10.1 Schematic representations of poly‐ethylene glycol (PEG) conjugat...
2. Figure 10.2 Illustration of PEG immunogenicity upon systemic administration....
3. Figure 10.3 Representation of strategies to overcome limitations of PEG by h...
Chapter 11_V1
1. Figure 11.1 Stepwise schematic representation of sol–gel process and their f...
2. Figure 11.2 Schematic representation of conversion of precursor solution to ...
3. Figure 11.3 Schematic representation of mesophase formation from microemulsi...
Chapter 12_V1
1. Figure 12.1 Illustration of different kinds of lung macrophages: (a) pleural...
2. Figure 12.2 Different kinds of endocytosis process.
3. Figure 12.3 Various stages of phagocytosis process of lung macrophages.
4. Figure 12.4 Lung macrophages uptake strategies highlighting passive and acti...
5. Figure 12.5 Lung macrophages avoidance strategies highlighting passive and a...
Chapter 14_V1
1. Figure 14.1 The structural modifications of vaccine Ags. A native antigen ma...
2. Figure 14.2 Some selected types of nanoscale vaccine delivery systems. Vario...
3. Figure 14.3 Schematic representation of different pathways recruited by cell...
4. Figure 14.4 Bicistronic lentiviral vectors expressing flaviviral structural ...
5. Figure 14.5 The immunity of an anti‐COVID‐19 mRNA LNP vaccine. (a) The schem...
6. Figure 14.6 Extra‐large pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (XL‐MSN...
7. Figure 14.7 Schematic illustration of designing biomimetic nanoscaled vaccin...
Chapter 15_V1
1. Figure 15.1 Different types of lipid‐based drug delivery systems.
2. Figure 15.2 Targeting mechanisms of lipid‐based drug delivery systems for in...
3. Figure 15.3 Nonspecific tissue accumulation and intracellular uptake of lipi...
Chapter 16_V1
1. Figure 16.1 In vivo uptake at 1 and 24 hours post‐injection (p. i.) for the ...
2. Figure 16.2 (a) Nano4XXs grafted with FITC dispersed outside HeLa cells. (b)...
3. Figure 16.3 (a) Cancer volume reduction in SCID mice after delivering of tar...
4. Figure 16.4 Cancer volume in SCID mice after delivering of targeted Nano4Cis...
Chapter 1_V2
1. Figure 1.1 The desired characteristic of scaffolds.
2. Figure 1.2 Schematic illustration of an electrospinning apparatus.
3. Figure 1.3 Schematic illustration of blend electrospinning.
4. Figure 1.4 Schematic illustration of coaxial electrospinning.
5. Figure 1.5 Schematic illustration of emulsification/freeze-drying process fo...
6. Figure 1.6 Schematic illustration of soft lithography technique.
7. Figure 1.7 Schematic illustration of soft lithography technique.
8. Figure 1.8 The primary and secondary hydroxyl groups on the edges of β-cyclo...
9. Figure 1.9 Different routes for the synthesisof poly[6-(pyrrol-3-yl)hexanoic...
10. Figure 1.10 (3D) Porous scaffolds based on polycaprolactone (PCL) have been ...
11. Figure 1.11 For preparation of a porous scaffold, collagen was chemically cr...
12. Figure 1.12 Michael addition reaction was used to crosslink acryloyl group-b...
13. Figure 1.13 Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was immobilized onto dextran moietie...
14. Figure 1.14 Dextran hydrogel was formed through oxidation of dextran (a) fol...
15. Figure 1.15 Macroporous elastic cryogels were made of platelet lysate and ox...
Chapter 2_V2
1. Figure 2.1 Schematic of the scaffold-based TE approach..
2. Figure 2.2 Bone defects of critical size.
3. Figure 2.3 Tripod image of bone tissue engineering.
4. Figure 2.4 Interconnection of factors associated with bone tissue engineerin...
Chapter 3_V2
1. Figure 3.1 Chemical synthesis routes of PLA.
Chapter 4_V2
1. Figure 4.1 Data referring to the number of (a) published articles and (b) ci...
2. Figure 4.2 PCL and PBAT fibers containing beads throughout their extension. ...
3. Figure 4.3 Monoaxial horizontal electrospinning system using a rotating coll...
4. Figure 4.4 Graphical representation of a (a) coaxial and (b) triaxial electr...
5. Figure 4.5 (a) co-electrospinning with one source; (b) co-electrospinning wi...
6. Figure 4.6 Heating methods for melt-electrospinning.
7. Figure 4.7 Example of the use of melt-electrospinning to produce 3D structur...
Chapter 5_V2
1. Figure 5.1 Composition of ORMOCER and their beneficial properties.
2. Figure 5.2 SEM images of (a) unreinforced specimens of acrylic resin (b) hea...
3. Figure 5.3 SEM micrographs for PMMA – TiO₂ nanocomposites. (a) 0.4% TiO₂; (b...
4. Figure 5.4 Potential of nanobots in dental applications.
5. Figure 5.5 Steps of bone tissue engineering.
Chapter 6_V2
1. Figure 6.1 Synthesis of PAMAM dendrimer-based nanostructures merged with PDA...
2. Figure 6.2 Synthesis and application of multifunctional Prussian blue–MnO₂ N...
3. Figure 6.3 Preparation of multifunctional carbon nanotubes for combined PTT ...
Chapter 7_V2
1. Figure 7.1 Schematic diagram showing the imaging and therapeutic effects of ...
2. Figure 7.2 Structures of various GSH-triggered theranostic prodrugs.
3. Figure 7.3 Structures of various hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-triggered (21–27...
4. Figure 7.4 Structures of light-triggered (42–49), tumor acidic-pH trig...
5. Figure 7.5 Structures of platinum-based theranostic prodrugs.
Chapter 8_V2
1. Figure 8.1 Schematic representation of dendrimer structure.
2. Figure 8.2 Divergent growth method for dendrimers synthesis.
3. Figure 8.3 Convergent method for the synthesis of dendrimers.
4. Figure 8.4 Common methods for Janus dendrimers synthesis. The first method i...
Chapter 9_V2
1. Figure 9.1 Cumulative drug release curves in vitro. Dox release profiles fro...
2. Figure 9.2 (a) Change of tumor volume in all groups over 12 days. (b) Tumor ...
3. Figure 9.3 field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE–SEM) images...
4. Figure 9.4 Schematic diagram of BSA loading onto HZ = HSZ.
5. Figure 9.5 FE–SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of 5-Fu/...
6. Figure 9.6 Synthesis of nanocarrier, i.e. P.4-VP@MCM-41, where P.4-VP = poly...
7. Figure 9.7 Alamar Blue in vitro cytotoxicity assays of (a) HT-29 and (b) Cac...
8. Figure 9.8 (a–e) Selected fluorescent images of Caco-2 cells of (a) control,...
9. Figure 9.9 Cell viability of HeLa cells incubated for 24 hours with (a) GdDy...
10. Figure 9.10 (a) CT images and (b) CT value (HU) plots of aqueous solutions o...
11. Figure 9.11 (a) T₁ relaxivity plot of aqueous suspension of LDH-Gd/Au of div...
12. Figure 9.12 CT (a) and T₁-weighted MRI (b) of tumor after intravenous inject...
13. Figure 9.13 In vivo efficacy monitoring of doxorubicin release in a mouse du...
14. Figure 9.14 Morphological observation of (a) control and (b) treated cancer ...
15. Figure 9.15 DAPI nuclear stain of: (a) control cells and (b) Ag NPs treated ...
16. Figure 9.16 (a) Synthetic process of Au–Ag-BTS (benzothiazole sulfonate) hol...
17. Figure 9.17 (a) Infrared thermographic images of tumor-bearing mice exposed ...
18. Figure 9.18 (a) The in vivo therapeutic influence assays. Average tumor (b) ...
19. Figure 9.19 Concentration- and time-dependent cellular uptake and localizati...
20. Figure 9.20 L–GSH–CdSeS/ZnS QD uptake by healthy H9C2 cardiac cells for 24 h...
21. Figure 9.21 (a) In vivo image of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after intravenous in...
22. Figure 9.22 Selective apoptosis of U87MG cancer cells caused by Dox–CM–BNNTs...
23. Figure 9.23 Cell experiment in vitro (n = 3). (a) Cell viability rate of Hep...
24. Figure 9.24 Fluorescence microscopic images of PC3 cells. (a) Fluorescein is...
Chapter 10_V2
1. Figure 10.1 Structure of the three main varieties of CRG: (a) κ-carrageenan;...
2. Figure 10.2 Schematic diagram of gel formation due to aggregation of double ...
Chapter 11_V2
1. Figure 11.1 Schematic illustration of the goal of this chapter, stimuli-resp...
2. Figure 11.2 Schematic illustration of the synthesis and modification procedu...
3. Figure 11.3 Schematic illustration the chemistry of stimuli-responsive BQDs....
Chapter 12_V2
1. Figure 12.1 Histological analysis of Calu6 tumor xenografts. (a) Photographs...
2. Figure 12.2 (a) Important aspects of CNTs for use in neural interfaces. Illu...
3. Figure 12.3 (a) Representative photographs of HeLa tumors in mice with five ...
4. Figure 12.4 TEM images of human primary macrophages exposed to LPS-primed lo...
5. Figure 12.5 The mechanisms by which carbon-based nanoparticles induce cytoto...
Chapter 13_V2
1. Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of the conjugated RNase A onto gold nan...
2. Figure 13.2 L-asparagine starvation in cancer treatment using L-asparaginase...
3. Figure 13.3 L-arginine metabolism in human cells.
4. Figure 13.4 MMP-responsive drug delivery systems. (a) The chemical structure...
5. Figure 13.5 An example of a theranostic formulation. (a) The schematic repre...
6. Figure 13.6 An example of a theranostic formulation. Schematic presentation ...
Chapter 14_V2
1. Figure 14.1 Spectroscopic, microscopic, and thermal characterization of GO; ...
2. Figure 14.2 The major focus of GO-based composites on various biomedical app...
3. Figure 14.3 Schematic illustration for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO...
4. Figure 14.4 Drug and gene delivery applications (a) delivery of doxorubicin ...

Preface

This reference book explores the various aspects of nanoengineered biomaterials design and its biomedical applications. In the last decade, scientists and researchers have paid special attention to the development new nanoengineered biomaterials. This book focuses on designing and synthesizing nanoengineered biomaterials as well as on drug delivery approaches. This volume comprehensively summarizes the synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo drug/bioactive molecules release, pharamacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity of various types of nanoengineered biomaterials and highlights the current developments with special emphasis on the area of drug delivery.

Chapter 1 of the present volume covers latest developments on chitosan‐based nanoparticles for drug delivery. Chitosan is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved cationic biomaterials, having versatile characteristics such as controlled drug release, mucoadhesion, in situ gelling, transfection, and permeation enhancement properties. This chapter contains chemical and biological properties of chitosan along with chemical modification of chitosan for the drug delivery application.

Chapter 2 highlights gellan gum and its composites for efficient nondrug delivery. Gellan gum is an anionic, water‐soluble, biocompatible, nontoxic, high‐transparency polysaccharide. This chapter contains detailed discussions on source, chemistry, and types of gellan gum, physicochemical properties, gellan‐gum‐based nanodrug delivery systems, and routes for administration.

Chapter 3 focuses on guar‐gum‐based novel nanodrug delivery systems. This chapter contains recent reports related to the physicochemical properties (such as rheology, gelling property, pH etc.) of guar gum, its extraction, chemical modifications of guar gum, and finally nanoformulation of guar gum.

Chitosan‐based nanocarriers for gene delivery are being highlighted in Chapter 4. Gene delivery is a promising therapeutic technology for the management of several diseases, including cancer.

Solid lipid nanoparticles are an efficient carrier for drug delivery. Chapter 5 highlights the composition, methods of preparation, types and applications of solid lipid nanoparticles.

Targeted and controlled delivery for cancer therapy by multifunctional polymeric nanoparticles is discussed in Chapter 6. This chapter covers the general synthetic methods for the fabrication of polymers, which are used for the preparation of multifunctional polymeric nanoparticles along with detailed discussion on the in vitro and in vivo targeting ability of it.

Chapter 7 highlights stimulus‐responsive nanoparticles for therapeutic stabilization of atherosclerosis. This chapter contains stimulus‐responsive nanoparticles such as pH‐responsive, reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive, enzyme‐responsive, shear‐force‐responsive, and exogenous stimuli‐responsive nanoparticles (Exo‐SRNs) for the management of atherosclerosis.

Chapter 8 provides a comprehensive overview of Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)‐based nanoformulations for the treatment of several diseases such as pulmonary diseases, ophthalmic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infections, and inflammations.

Chapter 9 describes nanoparticulate carriers for direct drug delivery to the brain through the nose. This chapter discusses the pathways available for delivery of nanocarriers using the nose to brain route and targeted approach for nose to brain delivery, with a special emphasis on the diagnostic as well as therapeutic input of these nanocarriers.

Chapter 10 describes PEGylated nanoparticles‐mediated drug delivery and how PEGylation of nanoparticles improves the drug delivery system and highlighted several PEGylated nanoparticles shown promising results in systemic and non‐systemic drug delivery applications.

Chapter 11 highlights the fabrication of bioactive glasses especially the mesoporous bioactive glass, their different synthetic techniques, mechanism behind their bioactivity, roles of therapeutic ion doping, drug delivery, and surface functionalization along with detailed in vivo studies toward bone tissue regeneration applications.

Chapter 12 focuses on the lung macrophages along with their particle uptake mechanisms, followed by passive targeting of the lung macrophages via manipulation of particle properties, and active targeting approaches via tethering with different kinds of ligands.

Chapter 13 describes zein nanoparticles containing bioactive compounds and their application in drug delivery.

A comprehensive insight into nanoscale vaccine development and its applications are discussed in Chapter 14.

Recent developments on lipid‐based drug delivery system and their applications are highlighted in Chapter 15.

Chapter 16 is dedicated to cancer therapy based on quadruple stimuli‐responsive targeted polymeric nanocontainers.

The last chapter in the current volume, i.e. Chapter 17, is focused on drug carriers based on nanostructured carrageenan.

In summary, we believe that the topics in Volume I cover the key aspects of nanoengineering of biomaterials with a special emphasis on drug delivery. The book is an important resource for academics, pharmaceutical, material science, chemical science, life science, and biotechnology scientists working in the field of polymers/materials for drug delivery, in addition to medical and other healthcare professionals in these fields.

We acknowledge that this book would not have been possible without the support and contribution of all the authors mentioned above and their respective teams.

Finally, the editors would also like to acknowledge the very efficient and friendly staff at Wiley‐VCH, Dr. Sakeena Quraishi, who provided support from the beginning throughout the entire production process.

Dr. Sougata Jana, PhD

Dr. Subrata Jana, PhD

Nanoengineering of Biomaterials

Volume I – Drug Delivery

Preface

About the Editors