<p>Contributors xi</p> <p>Preface xiv</p> <p>Acknowledgments xvi</p> <p><b>1 The Role of Aquaculture 3<br /></b><i>James H. Tidwell and Geoff Allan</i></p> <p>1.1 Seafood demand 3</p> <p>1.2 Seafood supply 4</p> <p>1.3 Seafood trade 6</p> <p>1.4 Status of aquaculture 7</p> <p>1.5 Production systems 12</p> <p>1.6 The future and the challenge 13</p> <p>1.7 References 13</p> <p><b>2 History of Aquaculture 15<br /></b><i>Robert R. Stickney and Granvil D. Treece</i></p> <p>2.1 Beginnings of aquaculture 16</p> <p>2.2 Expansion prior to the mid-1800s 17</p> <p>2.3 The explosion of hatcheries 18</p> <p>2.4 Art becomes science 20</p> <p>2.5 Commercial finfish species development 23</p> <p>2.6 Shrimp culture 33</p> <p>2.7 Mollusk culture 42</p> <p>2.8 Controversy 43</p> <p>2.9 References 44</p> <p><b>3 Functions and Characteristics of All Aquaculture Systems 51<br /></b><i>James H. Tidwell</i></p> <p>3.1 Differences in aquatic and terrestrial livestock 51</p> <p>3.2 Ecological services provided by aquaculture production systems 53</p> <p>3.3 Diversity of aquaculture animals 53</p> <p>3.4 Temperature classifications of aquacultured animals 54</p> <p>3.5 Temperature control in aquaculture systems 56</p> <p>3.6 Providing oxygen in aquaculture systems 58</p> <p>3.7 Waste control in aquaculture systems 59</p> <p>3.8 Aquaculture systems as providers of natural foods 61</p> <p>3.9 References 62</p> <p><b>4 Characterization and Categories of Aquaculture Production Systems 64<br /></b><i>James H. Tidwell</i></p> <p>4.1 Open systems 65</p> <p>4.2 Semi-closed systems 68</p> <p>4.3 Closed systems 73</p> <p>4.4 Hybrid systems 75</p> <p>4.5 References 77</p> <p><b>5 Shellfish Aquaculture 79<br /></b><i>Robert Rheault</i></p> <p>5.1 Major species in culture (oysters, clams, scallops, mussels) 80</p> <p>5.2 History 81</p> <p>5.3 Biology 84</p> <p>5.4 Culture basics 86</p> <p>5.5 Extensive versus intensive culture 88</p> <p>5.6 Spat collection: hatchery, nursery, growout 89</p> <p>5.7 Cultured algae 91</p> <p>5.8 Spawning 92</p> <p>5.9 Larval development 93</p> <p>5.10 Setting 94</p> <p>5.11 Nursery and growout scale considerations 96</p> <p>5.12 Nursery methods 97</p> <p>5.13 Growout methods 100</p> <p>5.14 Fouling 104</p> <p>5.15 Fouling control strategies 104</p> <p>5.16 Predation 105</p> <p>5.17 Harvest 106</p> <p>5.18 Food safety 107</p> <p>5.19 Shellfish diseases 108</p> <p>5.20 Disease management options 108</p> <p>5.21 Genetics: selective breeding 109</p> <p>5.22 Triploidy 110</p> <p>5.23 Harmful algal blooms 110</p> <p>5.24 Site selection 111</p> <p>5.25 Carrying capacity 112</p> <p>5.26 Permitting challenges 113</p> <p>5.27 Nonnative species 114</p> <p>5.28 References 115</p> <p><b>6 Cage Culture in Freshwater and Protected Marine Areas 119<br /></b><i>Michael P. Masser</i></p> <p>6.1 Current status of cage culture 121</p> <p>6.2 History and evolution of cage culture 122</p> <p>6.3 Advantages and disadvantages of cages 123</p> <p>6.4 Site selection 124</p> <p>6.5 Stocking cages 125</p> <p>6.6 Feeding caged fish 126</p> <p>6.7 Polyculture and integrated systems 126</p> <p>6.8 Problems with cage culture 127</p> <p>6.9 Economics of cage culture 129</p> <p>6.10 Sustainability issues 129</p> <p>6.11 References 130</p> <p><b>7 Ocean Cage Culture 135<br /></b><i>Richard Langan</i></p> <p>7.1 The context for open ocean farming 135</p> <p>7.2 Characterization and selection of open ocean sites 137</p> <p>7.3 Technologies for open ocean farming 139</p> <p>7.4 Finfish species cultivated in open ocean cages 148</p> <p>7.5 Environmental considerations 149</p> <p>7.6 Future prospects and challenges 153</p> <p>7.7 References 154</p> <p><b>8 Reservoir Ranching 158<br /></b><i>Steven D. Mims and Richard J. Onders</i></p> <p>8.1 Reservoir ranching vs. culture-based fisheries 158</p> <p>8.2 Reservoir 159</p> <p>8.3 Natural processes of reservoirs 160</p> <p>8.4 Selection of reservoirs for reservoir ranching 162</p> <p>8.5 Fish species selection 164</p> <p>8.6 Stocking density and size 165</p> <p>8.7 Status of reservoir ranching around the world 166</p> <p>8.8 Summary 170</p> <p>8.9 References 171</p> <p><b>9 Flow-through Raceways 173<br /></b><i>Gary Fornshell, Jeff Hinshaw, and James H. Tidwell</i></p> <p>9.1 Types of raceways 174</p> <p>9.2 Physical requirements 177</p> <p>9.3 Water requirements 179</p> <p>9.4 Carrying capacity 180</p> <p>9.5 Water consumption and waste management 183</p> <p>9.6 Feeding and inventory management 186</p> <p>9.7 Summary 187</p> <p>9.8 References 189</p> <p><b>10 Ponds 191<br /></b><i>Craig Tucker and John Hargreaves</i></p> <p>10.1 Species cultured 193</p> <p>10.2 Pond types 195</p> <p>10.3 Water use 198</p> <p>10.4 Pond culture intensity and ecological services 201</p> <p>10.5 Food in pond aquaculture 202</p> <p>10.6 Life support in pond aquaculture 208</p> <p>10.7 Land use and the ecological footprint of pond aquaculture 222</p> <p>10.8 Consequences of unregulated algal growth 227</p> <p>10.9 Practical constraints on pond aquaculture production 230</p> <p>10.10 Comparative economics of culture systems 234</p> <p>10.11 Sustainability issues 237</p> <p>10.12 Trends and research needs 240</p> <p>10.13 References 242</p> <p><b>11 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems 245<br /></b><i>James M. Ebeling and Michael B. Timmons</i></p> <p>11.1 Positive attributes 246</p> <p>11.2 Overview of system engineering 247</p> <p>11.3 Culture tanks 249</p> <p>11.4 Waste solids removal 250</p> <p>11.5 Cornell dual-drain system 250</p> <p>11.6 Settling basins and tanks 252</p> <p>11.7 Mechanical filters 252</p> <p>11.8 Granular media filters 253</p> <p>11.9 Disposal of the solids 254</p> <p>11.10 Biofiltration 254</p> <p>11.11 Choice of biofilter 258</p> <p>11.12 Aeration and oxygenation 259</p> <p>11.13 Carbon dioxide removal 261</p> <p>11.14 Monitoring and control 262</p> <p>11.15 Current system engineering design 262</p> <p>11.16 Recirculation system design 263</p> <p>11.17 Four major water-treatment variables 265</p> <p>11.18 Summary of four production terms 268</p> <p>11.19 Stocking density 270</p> <p>11.20 Engineering design example 270</p> <p>11.21 Conclusion 276</p> <p>11.22 References 277</p> <p><b>12 Biofloc-based Aquaculture Systems 278<br /></b><i>Craig L. Browdy, Andrew J. Ray, John W. Leffler, and Yoram Avnimelech</i></p> <p>12.1 Bioflocs 280</p> <p>12.2 Oxygen dynamics 284</p> <p>12.3 Resuspension, mixing, and sludge management 287</p> <p>12.4 Nitrogenous waste products 290</p> <p>12.5 Temperature 296</p> <p>12.6 Feeds and feeding 297</p> <p>12.7 Economics 299</p> <p>12.8 Sustainability 300</p> <p>12.9 Outlook and research needs 302</p> <p>12.10 Acknowledgment 303</p> <p>12.11 References 303</p> <p><b>13 Partitioned Aquaculture Systems 308<br /></b><i>D. E. Brune, Craig Tucker, Mike Massingill, and Jesse Chappell</i></p> <p>13.1 High rate ponds in aquaculture—the partitioned aquaculture system 311</p> <p>13.2 PAS fingerling production 324</p> <p>13.3 Flow-through PAS: the controlled eutrophication process 326</p> <p>13.4 Photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic PAS for marine shrimp production 329</p> <p>13.5 Alabama in-pond raceway system 331</p> <p>13.6 Mississippi split-pond aquaculture system 333</p> <p>13.7 California pondway system 336</p> <p>13.8 References 340</p> <p><b>14 Aquaponics—Integrating Fish and Plant Culture 343<br /></b><i>James E. Rakocy</i></p> <p>14.1 System design 345</p> <p>14.2 Fish production 349</p> <p>14.3 Solids 352</p> <p>14.4 Biofiltration 357</p> <p>14.5 Hydroponic subsystems 360</p> <p>14.6 Sump 362</p> <p>14.7 Construction materials 363</p> <p>14.8 Component ratios 364</p> <p>14.9 Plant growth requirements 366</p> <p>14.10 Nutrient dynamics 368</p> <p>14.11 Vegetable selection 372</p> <p>14.12 Crop production systems 373</p> <p>14.13 Pest and disease control 375</p> <p>14.14 Approaches to system design 376</p> <p>14.15 Economics 380</p> <p>14.16 Prospects for the future 382</p> <p>14.17 References 383</p> <p><b>15 In-pond Raceways 387<br /></b><i>Michael P. Masser</i></p> <p>15.1 Development of the in-pond raceway 388</p> <p>15.2 Stocking and feeding 390</p> <p>15.3 Backup systems and disease treatments 391</p> <p>15.4 Comparison to other culture systems 391</p> <p>15.5 Sustainability issues 393</p> <p>15.6 Future trends 393</p> <p>15.7 References 393</p> <p><b>16 On the Drawing Board 395<br /></b><i>James H. Tidwell</i></p> <p>16.1 Future trends 395</p> <p>16.2 References 412</p> <p>Index 415</p>