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<p>Contributors xix</p> <p>Preface xxiii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxv</p> <p>Acronyms xxvii</p> <p>About the Companion Website xxxvii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction and Motivation 1</b><br /><i>Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä</i></p> <p>1.1 Motivation 1</p> <p>1.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration 4</p> <p>1.3 Outlook 10</p> <p><b>2 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements 17</b><br /><i>Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 17</p> <p>2.2 Drivers 18</p> <p>2.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things 20</p> <p>2.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators 24</p> <p>2.5 Outlook 31</p> <p><b>3 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations 37</b><br /><i>Carla Amatetti, Alessandro Guidotti, and Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 37</p> <p>3.2 Internet of Things --Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard 39</p> <p>3.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio 40</p> <p>3.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics 48</p> <p>3.5 Link Budget Characterization 55</p> <p>3.6 Outlook 63</p> <p><b>4 Constellation Design for New Space Applications 67</b><br /><i>Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo and Marko Höyhtyä</i></p> <p>4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations 67</p> <p>4.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters 70</p> <p>4.3 Constellation Design 76</p> <p>4.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit 86</p> <p>4.5 Outlook 87</p> <p><b>5 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration 91</b><br /><i>Houcine Chougrani, Oltjon Kodheli, Wallace A. Martins, Haythem Chaker, and Symeon Chatzinotas</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 91</p> <p>5.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape 92</p> <p>5.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective 96</p> <p>5.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 108</p> <p>5.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 113</p> <p>5.6 Outlook 114</p> <p><b>6 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks 119</b><br /><i>Muhammad Asad Ullah, Federico Clazzer, Andrea Munari, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Hirley Alves</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>6.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview 121</p> <p>6.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control 129</p> <p>6.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification 131</p> <p>6.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview 132</p> <p>6.6 Open Challenges 139</p> <p>6.7 Outlook 140</p> <p><b>7 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective 147</b><br /><i>Luca Lodigiani and Mihály Varga</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 147</p> <p>7.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks -- 3GPP Release 17 148</p> <p>7.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System 162</p> <p>7.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution -- Releases 18, 19, and Beyond 176</p> <p>7.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network 184</p> <p><b>8 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities 193</b><br /><i>Taeyeoun Kim, Jeongho Kwak, and Jihwan P. Choi</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 193</p> <p>8.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites 194</p> <p>8.3 6G Satellite Networks 202</p> <p>8.4 Outlook 212</p> <p><b>9 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity 215</b><br /><i>Ahan Kak, Van-Quan Pham, Huu-Trung Thieu, and Nakjung Choi</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 215</p> <p>9.2 State of the Art 217</p> <p>9.3 Key Enabling Technologies 219</p> <p>9.4 Space Fabric Design and Description 225</p> <p>9.5 Use Cases 235</p> <p>9.6 Research Challenges 237</p> <p>9.7 Outlook 239</p> <p><b>10 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite–Terrestrial Networks 245</b><br /><i>Jani Suomalainen and Ijaz Ahmad</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 245</p> <p>10.2 Security Challenges 246</p> <p>10.3 Security Solutions 254</p> <p>10.4 Future Research 260</p> <p>10.5 Outlook 264</p> <p><b>11 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems 273</b><br /><i>Antti Anttonen</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 273</p> <p>11.2 Communication and Sensing 274</p> <p>11.3 Communication and Power Transfer 279</p> <p>11.4 Communication and Computing 285</p> <p>11.5 Outlook 293</p> <p><b>12 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 301</b><br /><i>Mikko Majanen, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, and Jani Puttonen</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 301</p> <p>12.2 State-of-the-Art Survey 304</p> <p>12.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE 317</p> <p>12.4 Outlook and Future Work 323</p> <p><b>13 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks 329</b><br /><i>Marco Guadalupi, Ramon Ferrús, Josep Ferrer, Gianluca Redolfi, and Stephan Bernard</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 329</p> <p>13.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects 331</p> <p>13.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models 345</p> <p>13.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems 349</p> <p>13.5 Illustrative Assessments 356</p> <p>13.6 Outlook 364</p> <p><b>14 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 369</b><br /><i>Sandrine Boumard, Miia Mustonen, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue</i></p> <p>14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits 369</p> <p>14.2 Spectrum Management Techniques 375</p> <p>14.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication 380</p> <p>14.4 Challenges and Opportunities 384</p> <p>14.5 Outlook 387</p> <p><b>15 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks 393</b><br /><i>Helka-Liina Määttänen, Gino Masini, Robert S. Karlsson, Emre A. Yavuz, and Talha Khan</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 393</p> <p>15.2 Scenarios 395</p> <p>15.3 Architecture 396</p> <p>15.4 Physical Layer 403</p> <p>15.5 User Plane 406</p> <p>15.6 System Information 408</p> <p>15.7 Mobility 410</p> <p>15.8 Outlook 414</p> <p>Copyright Notice 414</p> <p>Bibliography 415</p> <p>Index 417</p>

<p><b>Hirley Alves </b>is an Associate Professor, Head of the Machine-type Wireless Communications Group, and Coordinator of the 6G Flagship Strategic Research Area 1 – Massive Wireless Automation at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.</p> <p><b>Konstantin Mikhaylov </b>is an Assistant Professor in the field of Convergent IoT Communications for Vertical Systems at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.</p> <p><b>Marko Höyhtyä </b>is a Research Professor at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and an Associate Professor at the Finnish National Defence University.</p>

<p><b>Comprehensive and authoritative resource paving the way for the integration of machine-type communications (MTC) and satellite connectivity toward 6G era</b> <p>This book focuses on the integration of machine-type communications (MTC) and satellite connectivity toward the 6th generation of mobile systems (i.e., the “6G”). Integrating these two technologies, especially within the emerging direct-to-satellite (DtS) concept employing direct connectivity between an MTC terminal and a satellite-based gateway, will be critical in enabling the future Internet of Things (IoT) applications in remote areas with limited connectivity infrastructure available. To this end, the book delivers an in-depth analysis of the drivers, use cases, scenarios, technical aspects, cybersecurity, and mechanisms spanning from the physical layer (PHY) to the application layer, regulation, standardization, and potential business models. In addition, many examples, illustrative figures, and tables support the text. <p>With each chapter written by renowned experts in the field, <i>Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G era </i>contains information on: <ul><li>How to enable wireless connectivity for MTC/IoT devices in remote areas, which hardware and network architectures can be employed, and their pros and cons </li><li>Fundamental and practical challenges, design dimensions, and perspective technologies for integrated MTC and satellite systems </li><li>Applications and business areas that would be the first ones to employ DtS and status of standardization and regulation activities in the field</li></ul> <p>The strong tutorial element makes the <i>Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G era </i>a convenient learning resource for students and educators in higher education institutions. Moreover, it is ideal for students obtaining their first professional degree and experts who operate in this or adjacent fields and want to revise and update their knowledge.

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