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<p>Preface v</p> <p>Acknowledgments vii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction to Biocatalysis 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Overview:The Status of Biocatalysis at the Turn of the 21st Century 2</p> <p>1.2 Characteristics of Biocatalysis as a Technology 6</p> <p>1.3 Current Penetration of Biocatalysis 11</p> <p>1.4 The Breadth of Biocatalysis 14</p> <p><b>2 Characterization of a (Bio-)catalyst 19</b></p> <p>2.1 Characterization of Enzyme Catalysis 20</p> <p>2.2 Sources and Reasons for the Activity of Enzymes as Catalysts 23</p> <p>2.3 Performance Criteria for Catalysts, Processes, and Process Routes 30</p> <p><b>3 Isolation and Preparation of Microorganisms 43</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 44</p> <p>3.2 Screening of New Enzyme Activities 46</p> <p>3.3 Strain Development 48</p> <p>3.4 Extremophiles 52</p> <p>3.5 Rapid Screening of Biocatalysts 56</p> <p><b>4 Molecular Biology Tools for Biocatalysis 61</b></p> <p>4.1 Molecular Biology Basics: DNA versus Protein Level 62</p> <p>4.2 DNA Isolation and Purification 65</p> <p>4.3 Gene Isolation, Detection, and Verification 67</p> <p>4.4 Cloning Techniques 77</p> <p>4.5 (Over)expression of an Enzyme Function in a Host 81</p> <p><b>5 Enzyme Reaction Engineering 91</b></p> <p>5.1 Kinetic Modeling: Rationale and Purpose 92</p> <p>5.2 The Ideal World: Ideal Kinetics and Ideal Reactors 94</p> <p>5.3 Enzymes with Unfavorable Binding: Inhibition 97</p> <p>5.4 Reactor Engineering 105</p> <p>5.5 Enzyme Reactions with Incomplete Mass Transfer: Influence of Immobilization 113</p> <p>5.6 Enzymes with Incomplete Stability: Deactivation Kinetics 119</p> <p>5.7 Enzymes with Incomplete Selectivity: E-Value and its Optimization 126</p> <p><b>6 Applications of Enzymes as Bulk Actives: Detergents, Textiles, Pulp and Paper, Animal Feed 135</b></p> <p>6.1 Application of Enzymes in Laundry Detergents 136</p> <p>6.2 Enzymes in the Textile Industry: Stone-washed Denims, Shiny Cotton Surfaces 140</p> <p>6.3 Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Bleaching of Pulp with Xylanases or Laccases 145</p> <p>6.4 Phytase for Animal Feed: Utilization of Phosphorus 152</p> <p><b>7 Application of Enzymes as Catalysts: Basic Chemicals, Fine Chemicals, Food, Crop Protection, Bulk Pharmaceuticals 159</b></p> <p>7.1 Enzymes as Catalysts in Processes towards Basic Chemicals 160</p> <p>7.2 Enzymes as Catalysts in the Fine Chemicals Industry 170</p> <p>7.3 Enzymes as Catalysts in the Food Industry 187</p> <p>7.4 Enzymes as Catalysts towards Crop Protection Chemicals 195</p> <p>7.5 Enzymes for Large-Scale Pharma Intermediates 197</p> <p><b>8 Biotechnological Processing Steps for Enzyme Manufacture 209</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction to Protein Isolation and Purification 210</p> <p>8.2 Basics of Fermentation 212</p> <p>8.3 Fermentation and its Main Challenge: Transfer of Oxygen 218</p> <p>8.4 Downstream Processing: Crude Purification of Proteins 223</p> <p>8.5 Downstream Processing: Concentration and Purification of Proteins 231</p> <p>8.6 Examples of Biocatalyst Purification 237</p> <p><b>9 Methods for the Investigation of Proteins 243</b></p> <p>9.1 Relevance of Enzyme Mechanism 244</p> <p>9.2 Experimental Methods for the Investigation of an Enzyme Mechanism 245</p> <p>9.3 Methods of Enzyme Determination 253</p> <p>9.4 Enzymatic Mechanisms: General Acid–Base Catalysis 258</p> <p>9.5 Nucleophilic Catalysis 261</p> <p>9.6 Electrophilic catalysis 269</p> <p><b>10 Protein Engineering 281</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction: Elements of Protein Engineering 282</p> <p>10.2 Methods of Protein Engineering 283</p> <p>10.3 Glucose (Xylose) Isomerase (GI) and Glycoamylase: Enhancement of Thermostability 289</p> <p>10.4 Enhancement of Stability of Proteases against Oxidation and Thermal Deactivation 293</p> <p>10.5 Creating New Enzymes with Protein Engineering 295</p> <p>10.6 Dehydrogenases, Changing Cofactor Specificity 298</p> <p>10.7 Oxygenases 300</p> <p>10.8 Change of Enantioselectivity with Site-Specific Mutagenesis 302</p> <p>10.9 Techniques Bridging Different Protein Engineering Techniques 303</p> <p><b>11 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology: Directed Evolution 309</b></p> <p>11.1 Background of Evolvability of Proteins 310</p> <p>11.2 Process steps in Directed Evolution: Creating Diversity and Checking for Hits 314</p> <p>11.3 Experimental Protocols for Directed Evolution 319</p> <p>11.4 Successful Examples of the Application of Directed Evolution 325</p> <p>11.5 Comparison of Directed Evolution Techniques 331</p> <p><b>12 Biocatalysis in Non-conventional Media 339</b></p> <p>12.1 Enzymes in Organic Solvents 340</p> <p>12.2 Evidence for the Perceived Advantages of Biocatalysts in Organic Media 341</p> <p>12.3 State of Knowledge of Functioning of Enzymes in Solvents 344</p> <p>12.4 Optimal Handling of Enzymes in Organic Solvents 351</p> <p>12.5 Novel Reaction Media for Biocatalytic Transformations 355</p> <p>12.6 Solvent as a Parameter for Reaction Optimization (“Medium Engineering”) 366</p> <p><b>13 Pharmaceutical Applications of Biocatalysis 373</b></p> <p>13.1 Enzyme Inhibition for the Fight against Disease 374</p> <p>13.2 Enzyme Cascades and Biology of Diseases 380</p> <p>13.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Biocatalysis 393</p> <p>13.4 Applications of Specific Biocatalytic Reactions in Pharma 402</p> <p><b>14 Bioinformatics 413</b></p> <p>14.1 Starting Point: from Consequence (Function) to Sequence 414</p> <p>14.2 Bioinformatics: What is it, Why do we Need it, and Why Now? (NCBI Homepage) 415</p> <p>14.3 Tools of Bioinformatics: Databases, Alignments, Structural Mapping 418</p> <p>14.4 Applied Bioinformatics Tools, with Examples 422</p> <p>14.5 Bioinformatics for Structural Information on Enzymes 429</p> <p>14.6 Conclusion and Outlook 431</p> <p><b>15 Systems Biology for Biocatalysis 433</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction to Systems Biology 434</p> <p>15.2 Genomics, Proteomics, and other -omics 435</p> <p>15.3 Technologies for Systems Biology 438</p> <p>15.4 Metabolic Engineering 449</p> <p><b>16 Evolution of Biocatalytic Function 457</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 458</p> <p>16.2 Search Characteristics for Relatedness in Proteins 461</p> <p>16.3 Evolution of New Function in Nature 466</p> <p>16.4 α/β-Barrel Proteins as a Model for the Investigation of Evolution 474</p> <p><b>17 Stability of Proteins 487</b></p> <p>17.1 Summary: Protein Folding, First-Order Decay, Arrhenius Law 488</p> <p>17.2 Two-State Model: Thermodynamic Stability of Proteins (Unfolding) 491</p> <p>17.3 Three-State Model: Lumry–Eyring Equation 493</p> <p>17.4 Four-State Model: Protein Aggregation 496</p> <p>17.5 Causes of Instability of Proteins: ∆G < 0, γ(t), A 501</p> <p>17.6 Biotechnological Relevance of Protein Folding: Inclusion Bodies 505</p> <p>17.7 Summary: Stabilization of Proteins 506</p> <p><b>18 Artificial Enzymes 511</b></p> <p>18.1 Catalytic Antibodies 512</p> <p>18.2 Other Proteinaceous Catalysts: Ribozymes and Enzyme Mimics 521</p> <p>18.3 Design of Novel Enzyme Activity: Enzyme Models (Synzymes) 523</p> <p>18.4 Heterogenized/Immobilized Chiral Chemical Catalysts 526</p> <p>18.5 Tandem Enzyme Organometallic Catalysts 532</p> <p><b>19 Design of Biocatalytic Processes 539</b></p> <p>19.1 Design of Enzyme Processes: High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) 540</p> <p>19.2 Processing of Fine Chemicals or Pharmaceutical Intermediates in an Enzyme Membrane Reactor 549</p> <p>19.3 Production of Enantiomerically Pure Hydrophobic Alcohols: Comparison of Different Process Routes and Reactor Configurations 556</p> <p><b>20 Comparison of Biological and Chemical Catalysts for Novel Processes 569</b></p> <p>20.1 Criteria for the Judgment of (Bio-)catalytic Processes 570</p> <p>20.2 Position of Biocatalysis in Comparison to Chemical Catalysts for Novel Processes 575</p> <p>20.3 Pathway Engineering through Metabolic Engineering 586</p> <p>Index 593</p>

"...the book is excellent and could be read cover to cover or used for reference and I strongly recommend it to anyone interested in the field of biocatalysis whether they be graduate students just entering the field or more experienced practitioners."<br> Organic Process Research & Development<br> <br> "This guidebook is warmly recommended to scientists in academia, industry and authorities engaged in biocatalysis because one unique feature of primary importance is that the interdisciplinary fields of chemistry, biology and bioengineering receive equal attention, thus, addressing both practioners and students from all three areas."<br> AFS<br> <br> "The book nicely brings together the essentials of biocatalysis including reactions, the products and processes that utilize the methodology, and techniques for improving biocatalysts."<br> Catalyst<br> <br> "I strongly recommend it to advanced students, experienced chemists, biologists, and engineers interested in or actively working in biocatalysis, as it is a rich source of information and offers an excellent opportunity to get an insight into neighbouring areas of expertise." <br> Angewandte Chemie I.E.<br> <br> "The content of the book is excellent...the book is excellent and could be read cover to cover or used for reference and I strongly recommend it to anyone interested in the field of biocatalysis..."<br> Organic Process Research & Development<br> <br> "With their book "Biocatalysis" Bommarius and Riebel successfully bridge the gap between textbooks and original research papers. The book is recommended for advanced students, experienced chemists and engineers interested in the area of industrial biocatalysis."<br> CHEMBIOCHEM<br> <br> "...a timely and detailed summary of the important recent developments in the rapidly moving fields pertinent to harnessing the efficiency and specificity of biological catalysts. It will definitely assist research scientists' efforts to improve their own chemical transformations."<br> Synthesis <br>

Andreas S. Bommarius obtained his diploma in Chemistry from the Technical Universtiy in Munich, Germany, and, in 1989, his PhD in Chemical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, MA,USA. In 1990, he joined Degussa as head of the Biocatalysis Laboratory and pilot plant. Since 2000 he is affiliated at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, as professor in the Schools of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Chemistry and Biochemistry. His main research interests are novel redox enzyme systems, stability of protein biocatalysts, as well as novel catalysts through directed evolution.<br> <br> Bettina R. Riebel obtained her diploma in Biology at the University of Cologne, Germany, and her PhD in Biochemistry at the University of Dusseldorf, Germany. She then occupied postdoctoral associate positions with Roche Diagnostics (then Boehringer Mannheim) in Penzberg and at the Research Center Julich. As of 2000, she is part of the Institute of Pathology in the School of Medicine at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, where her main research interests are in host-pathogen relationships, and specifically in tyrosine kinases and cell signaling.<br>

Long awaited, "Biocatalysis - Fundamentals and Applications" is finally available: Covering the whole range, from a firm grounding in theoretical concepts to in-depth coverage of the practical aspects and future<br> perspectives.<br> The book not only covers reactions, products and processes using biocatalysts, but also methods of designing and improving them. One unique feature is that chemistry, biology and bioengineering receive equal attention, thus addressing practitioners and students from all three fields.<br> <br> Table of Contents<br> 1. Introduction to Biocatalysis<br> 2. Characterization of a (Bio-)catalyst<br> 3. Isolation and Preparation of Microorganisms<br> 4. Molecular Biology Tools for Biocatalysis<br> 5. Enzyme Reaction Engineering<br> 6. Applications of Enzymes as Bulk Actives: Detergents, Textiles, Pulp and Paper, Animal Feed<br> 7. Applications of Enzymes as Catalysts: Basic Chemicals, Fine Chemicals, Food, Crop Protection, Bulk Pharmaceuticals<br> 8. Biotechnological Processing Steps for Enzyme Manufacture<br> 9. Methods for the Investigation of Proteins<br> 10. Protein Engineering<br> 11. Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology: Directed Evolution<br> 12. Biocatalysis in Non-conventional Media<br> 13. Pharmaceutical Applications of Biocatalysis<br> 14. Bioinformatics<br> 15. Systems Biology for Biocatalysis<br> 16. Evolution of Biocatalytic Function<br> 17. Stability of Proteins<br> 18. Artificial Enzymes<br> 19. Design of Biocatalytic Processes<br> 20. Comparison of Biological and Chemical Catalysts for Novel Processes

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